The "Silk Road" was proposed by the German geographer Lichhofen in 1877. In recent years, Professor Ye Shuxian and other professors have proposed the "Jade Road". Jade and silk enamel represent the material exchange history and cultural exchange spirit of the Chinese and Western passages. We can't test the number of incidents that have occurred on the Eurasian continent. The only thing that can be certain is that under the principles of peace, communication, cooperation and mutual benefit, it is possible for all tribes, ethnic groups and countries to interact and interact. .
In July 2014, the successful exhibition of “China Jade Road and Qijia Culture Seminar†and “Yuyi Road Cultural Investigation Activity†made the cultural concept of “Yuwei Road†debut, attracting people's attention.
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The interaction between jade and silk
Meiyu and Shuyu are precious gifts used in ancient rituals, associations, and hiring. "Zuo Chuan, Aigong Seven Years" contains: "The princes of the princes are in Tushan, and the sorcerer is the king of the country." This is the earliest mention of the concept of jade. Coincidentally, as the founder of the Xia Dynasty, he dominated the choice of the "princes" for his possessions with his aesthetic concept.
For a long time, the history of the Chinese civilization began from the Xia Dynasty. However, due to the lack of literature, the understanding of the Xia Dynasty is in a state of ambiguity. In recent years, with the excavation of a large number of prehistoric archaeological objects, especially the jade culture jade, the appearance of the Xia Dynasty has gradually become clear. In a certain sense, the ethos of Qijia Culture Chongyu is the best annotation and echo of "the princes of the princes in Tushan, the singer of the singer." In addition to a large number of stone axe, stone knives, stone shovel, stone shovel and bone shovel, Qi family also uses jade materials with higher hardness to make small and exquisite tools with sharp edges such as jade shovel, jade, jade and jade chisel. . The cutting, drilling, polishing and other technologies invented in practice are widely used and increasingly sophisticated. On this basis, a kind of jade ritual, such as ç®, ç’§, ç’œ, ring, é’º, which is dedicated to worshiping the gods and ancestors of the heavens and the earth, is produced independently. Unearthed cultural relics confirmed that before the jade ritual, it was a stone ritual. The Qi family did not split the stone with the jade. "The essence of the stone is jade." They found the hard and pure stone of "Jade" in the process of making the ritual, and found Qilian Mountain, Altun Mountain, Kunlun Mountain. Waiting for the jade of the mountain, and finally picking the essence of jade - Hetian jade.
As a special kind of material that nature has nurtured, jade is no longer a simple substance once it is pinned by certain ancient expectations and ideals. It possesses character, divinity and thought. The jade is far from the practical function and becomes a metaphysical symbol. In the rituals that are repeated and enriched, the ancestors' aesthetic, moral, philosophical, and ethical concepts gradually converge, eventually becoming the cultural factor in the ancient Chinese civilization, and deeply integrated into the blood of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor.
If beauty jade is used as a medium between people and gods, silk is a symbol of wealth and rights in secular life. Later, Silk has also extended other meanings, which are often seen in idioms and popular words. For example, soap silk, silk, clever, Zhusi, string, bamboo raft, Zhusi Yushe, gossamer, hairspring, rain silk, hoarding, clues, etc., until modern steel wire, wire, Fans and the like. Silkworm is not only used by China, but also spread to the Western Region, Central Asia, and Europe. It has become one of the most important items in the material exchange between China and the West. It is also understandable to use silk enamel as a representative of many media.
Jade and silk enamel probably represent the material exchange history and cultural exchange spirit of the Chinese and Western passages.
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Classic story: Zhou Muwang West Tour
The Pamirs, Kunlun Mountains, Altun Mountains, and Qilian Mountains stretched from west to east to the Qinling Mountains, becoming the main backbone of the Chinese land. To the north of this great mountain system is the flesh and blood of raising the Chinese nation. It is this backbone that gave birth to China's best jade, and formed core values ​​at an early age. Since then, with the evolution of history, this kind of value has not only declined, but has become stronger. In line with this, the earliest jade road was also opened up, roughly coincident with the Yuzhong Road, the Hexi Corridor Road and the Mobei Grassland Silk Road in the south of Qilian Mountain. These roads not only communicate with each other, but also generate many road networks.
The earliest record of the cultural exchange of jade as a medium on this road, "Mu Tianzi Biography". Mu Tianzi is Zhou Muwang, Ji Xing, Ming Man, the son of Zhao Wang, the fifth emperor of Zhou Dynasty. He is the earliest explorer and traveler with written records in China. The events of the Westward Journey are recorded in the Spring and Autumn Zuo Shi Chuan, Zhu Shu Ji Nian, and Shi Ji. Zhou Muwang is committed to the development of the Quartet. He has twice recruited dogs and moved some of the monks to the original area of ​​Gansu, and attacked Xu Wei in the east. He met with the princes in Tushan (now the southeast of Anhui Huaiyuan) to consolidate Zhou’s rule in the southeast.
"Mu Tianzi Biography" is a recorded essay centered on Zhou Muwang's activities. They crossed the Yellow River from Luoyang, crossed the Taihang, involved in the shackles, went out to Yanmen, arrived at Baotou, crossed the Helan Mountain, and wore the Ertu period desert. To Balikun Lake in Shandong Province, go to Tianshan South Road and go to the Hetian River and Yarkant River in Xinjiang. Then go north for more than 1,000 kilometers, to the "Northwest Daguyuan" of the "Bird of the Birds", that is, Central Asia. When you return, take the Tianshan North Road. This is a major event in the history of land transportation in China. Mu Tianzi and the various ethnic groups along the way to carry out frequent material exchanges, such as: Zhou Muwang, Bai Gui Xuan Zang, see the Western Queen Mother, offering Jin Group 100 pure, prime group three hundred pure (one pure is almost equivalent to one); Zhuze people "to offer white jade... ...food horse three hundred, cattle and sheep two thousand", Mu Tianzi gave "golden ring three five, Zhu belt shell ornaments thirty, work cloth four" and so on. Most of the materials in these records are confirmed by modern archaeological discoveries.
For a long time, people regard "Mu Tianzi Biography" as a historical myth of Western Zhou Dynasty, or as a novel to interpret, but ignore the multiple information contained in the geography, transportation, culture, trade, species and so on.
Under the vigorous promotion of scholars such as Mr. Ye Shuxian, a researcher at the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, people began to pay attention to the jade culture that has been obscured for many years. At the end of 2008, Mr. Ye brought together the work of the book "Hexi Corridor: Western Mythology and Huaxia Source". In his 2012 major project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the "Mythological Study of Chinese Civilization Sources", he concluded that the main line of the roots of Chinese mythology is the jade mythology and the resulting jade religion, and it outlines The road map for the spread of the mythological beliefs of the Jade religion: the North Yunan Pass and the East Jade Pass. The Northern Yunan Passage lasted for four thousand years. Before the beginning of the history of Chinese civilization, the jade mythology became the basis of the ideological concept of the East Asian unified power, and laid the cornerstone of cultural identity for the construction of the Central Plains. The East Jade Pass began about 6,000 years ago and ended in 4000 years ago. It was highlighted by the Shijiahe culture of Hubei 4,300 years ago and the Taonan ruins of Jinnan, 4,500 years ago, and passed the radiation of the Central Plains. Sexual influence, spread to the west and northwest regions, arrived in the Hexi Corridor area, with the 4,000-year-old Qijia culture jade ritual system as a glorious period, generally completing the process of jade culture spread throughout the country, preparing for the birth of the Chinese civilization The core values ​​of material and spiritual interaction, and the jade mythology has permeated all kinds of expressions of Chinese characters from ancient times to the present, and has become the innate cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.
Therefore, the real purpose of Zhou Muwang's Western Tour is to find the source of jade, and to make the East-West Exchange Avenue truly open. Its "chiseling" move is far earlier than the Zhangye of the Han Dynasty.
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Yuxi Road Cultural Investigation
Looking at the international channel of China-Westland Road, there are two major “road knotsâ€: one is the Pamir Plateau, the Tarim River and the Ili River, which are gathered by the Kunlun Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, the Tianshan Mountains, the Himalayas, and the Hindu Kush Mountains. The Indo River, the Ganges River, the Syr River, the Amu Darya and other large rivers originate here. The traffic routes along the foothills or mountain valleys are also nearby. The second is the Qilian Mountains, the West Qinling Mountains, the Xiaoji Stone Mountain, and the Daban Mountain. Ladogan Mountain gathers at the junction of Gansu and Qinghai. Several large tributaries of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, such as Daxia River, Weihe River, Lishui River, Datong River and Zhuanglang River, gather in the Yellow River, Qinhuang South Road and Yuzhong Road (Tugu Road). ), Tang Fan Ancient Road, Da Dou Gu Gu Road, Hong Chi Ling Road are all here.
These two "road knots" are like solid bridge piers that support the bridge of cultural exchanges between the East and the West. "The road to the jade" is the main body and context of the bridge. The “Jade Road†is the predecessor of the Silk Road, and its route roughly coincides with the main and secondary roads of the modern so-called Silk Road. In July 2014, sponsored by the CPC Gansu Provincial Party Committee Propaganda Department, Gansu Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, Northwest Normal University, Chinese Literature Anthropology Research Association, "Silk Road" magazine and China Civilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Northwest Normal University "Silk The "Chinese Jade Road and Qijia Culture Seminar" and the "Yuyi Road Cultural Investigation Activity" hosted by the Road magazine and other organizations were held. In the future, we plan to hold a “Yuyi Road Cultural Investigation Activity†every year, hoping to gradually find out the true situation of this large passage, and verify each other through multiple evidences such as literature, archaeological materials, cultural sites, and field investigations. Restore the richness, diversity, complexity and vividness of this large channel.
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